Dog Mammary Tumor Removal Surgery

Mammary tumors are common in dogs, especially unspayed females, and rise with age—remove early and always send tissue for pathology. Anesthesia is intubation with inhalation or standard injection, dog on its back. The technique depends on the dog's condition, tumor site, and lymph drainage, with four options: single gland removal (just the gland, or gland plus overlying skin), regional removal (several glands or one lymph chain), unilateral chain removal (whole one side—very effective), and bilateral removal (all glands, for broad or malignant cases, often needing skin reconstruction).