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Mastitis in Dogs and Cats
Mastitis is acute or chronic inflammation of the mammary gland from infection, often during lactation or from hormonal imbalance in older pets. Signs include red, swollen, painful glands and fever; it needs prompt antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory treatment to avoid gland loss.

Postpartum Eclampsia in Dogs and Cats
Postpartum eclampsia, or milk fever, is low blood calcium in nursing mothers that causes whole-body tetany, usually two to four weeks after birth in small or large-litter females. It is an emergency treated by correcting calcium and calming seizures; without care it can be fatal in one to two days.

Postpartum Septicemia in Dogs and Cats
Postpartum septicemia is a whole-body infection from severe uterine or vaginal infection after birth, often due to a dirty environment or retained placenta. Signs include refusal to eat and rapid fever above 40 C with cold skin, and urgent antimicrobial and supportive care is required.

Retained Placenta in Dogs and Cats
Retained placenta is failure to expel the afterbirth within the normal third-stage time after birth. If retained beyond a day it rots and causes acute endometritis, and within two days can progress to septicemia and rapid death; medical, surgical, or supportive care is needed.

Dystocia in Dogs and Cats
Dystocia is difficult or impossible natural delivery, often when a female cannot pass a puppy or kitten after about one hour of strong labor. Small breeds and calcium-deficient mothers are at higher risk and need timely surgical assistance and supportive care.

Abortion in Dogs and Cats
Abortion in dogs and cats is interruption of pregnancy from fetal or maternal abnormality, infection, or trauma. It ranges from threatened and hidden loss to premature live pups, dead pups, or retained mummies; treatment protects the mother and prevents endometritis or septicemia.

False Pregnancy in Dogs and Cats
False pregnancy is a hormone-driven syndrome in which an unbred female shows pregnancy-like signs such as nesting, lactation, and behavior change. Mild cases resolve on their own, but pyometra must be ruled out; hormone therapy or spaying helps recurring cases.

Ovarian Cysts in Dogs and Cats
Ovarian cysts in dogs and cats arise from unruptured follicles or corpora lutea due to endocrine imbalance. Follicular cysts cause constant estrus and excitability, while luteal cysts cause prolonged anestrus; medical therapy is tried first, with ovariectomy if it fails.

Uterine Torsion in Dogs and Cats
Uterine torsion is twisting of the pregnant uterus around its own axis, usually just before parturition. Affected animals are lethargic, vomit, refuse food, and have dark red eye membranes; surgical untwisting or cesarean and, if the uterus is damaged, ovariohysterectomy are needed.

Pyometra in Dogs and Cats
Pyometra is accumulation of pus in the uterus with proliferative endometrial inflammation in dogs and cats, causing lethargy, poor appetite, and often increased drinking and urination. Ovarian hysterectomy is the definitive cure, with medical therapy as an alternative in selected cases.