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Canine and Feline Insulin Excess (Hyperinsulinism)
Insulin excess occurs when the pancreas releases too much insulin, driving blood sugar dangerously low. It causes weakness, wobbliness, and in severe cases seizures or collapse, and is usually managed by correcting the low sugar and treating the underlying cause.
Canine and Feline Insulin Deficiency (Diabetes Mellitus)
Diabetes mellitus develops when the pancreas cannot make enough insulin, so blood sugar stays high. It causes increased thirst and urination, weight loss, and poor appetite, and is managed with insulin therapy plus dietary and weight control.
Canine and Feline Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s Disease)
Hypoadrenocorticism, or Addison's disease, occurs when the adrenal glands fail to produce enough cortisol and aldosterone. It causes vague signs such as lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, and poor appetite, and acute crises can be life-threatening without prompt treatment.
Canine and Feline Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s Syndrome)
Hyperadrenocorticism, or Cushing's disease, is an endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands overproduce cortisol, most often because of a pituitary tumor. It causes increased thirst and urination, a ravenous appetite, muscle wasting, a pot-bellied appearance, and symmetric hair loss, and usually requires lifelong management.
Canine and Feline Caval Syndrome (Heartworm): Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
Caval syndrome is the acute, life-threatening form of heartworm disease in which adult worms suddenly obstruct the vena cava and heart, causing sudden collapse, bloody urine, and jaundice. Emergency surgical removal of the worms is the definitive treatment, and prevention depends on year-round parasite control.
Canine Mitral Valve Insufficiency: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
Mitral valve insufficiency is a degenerative heart-valve disease in which blood leaks backward from the left ventricle into the left atrium, accounting for roughly three-quarters of canine heart disease. Older small breeds are most affected and show exercise intolerance, coughing, and night-time breathing distress.
Canine Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
Canine hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a chronic, often inherited heart muscle disease in which the left ventricular wall and septum thicken, impairing the heart's ability to relax and fill. Many dogs show no signs until they develop breathing difficulty, fainting, or sudden collapse, so early cardiac screening is essential.
Canine and Feline Trichomoniasis: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
Trichomoniasis is a protozoal parasite infection of dogs and cats, most often caused by Pentatrichomonas, that produces stubborn, mucoid, sometimes bloody diarrhea. It spreads through contaminated food and water and is managed with antiprotozoal therapy plus supportive care.
Canine and Feline Cryptosporidiosis: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
Cryptosporidiosis is a protozoal (coccidian) infection of dogs and cats that causes acute, watery diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal discomfort. It is most severe in young, stressed, or immunocompromised animals and is zoonotic, so hygiene is essential.
Canine and Feline Giardiasis: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
Giardiasis is caused by the flagellate Giardia duodenalis attached to the intestinal mucosa, reducing absorption and causing diarrhea and wasting, especially in puppies. It is treated with antiprotozoal drugs and rehydration.