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Rheumatoid Arthritis in Dogs and Cats: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, immune-mediated, erosive polyarthritis, often in small and toy breeds between 8 months and 9 years. It causes recurring lameness, stiff swollen joints, fever, and poor appetite, and can end in joint deformity. Treatment relieves pain, controls inflammation, and protects joint tissue.
Joint Sprain in Dogs and Cats: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
A joint sprain is overstretching or twisting of a joint beyond its normal range from a jump, fall, or sudden turn, causing pain, swelling, heat, and lameness. Early cold packs and later warmth with anti-inflammatory medication settle the inflammation; chronic sprains can thicken the joint capsule and form bone spurs.
Intervertebral Disc Disease in Dogs and Cats: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
Intervertebral disc disease occurs when a degenerating disc bulges or ruptures and presses on the spinal cord, causing pain, numbness, and movement loss. It favors the thoracolumbar (about 85%) and cervical (about 15%) spine in small or chondrodystrophic dogs. Conservative rest and anti-inflammatories help mild cases; severe ones need decompressive surgery.
Hip Dysplasia in Dogs and Cats: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
Hip dysplasia is a hereditary developmental disorder of the hip joint influenced by genetics and environment, common in large breeds such as shepherds and setters. Progressive laxity and deformity cause lameness, reluctance to rise, and a characteristic 'bunny-hopping' gait; management is conservative with weight control and pain relief, and surgery is considered case by case.
Elbow Dysplasia in Dogs and Cats: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
Elbow dysplasia is a group of inherited developmental elbow joint diseases - ununited anconeal process, fragmented medial coronoid process, and osteochondritis of the medial humeral condyle - driven by genetics and rapid growth. It causes forelimb lameness, a reluctance to walk, and sometimes a crackling joint sound. Weight control, pain relief, and surgery in severe cases are the mainstays.
Patellar Luxation in Dogs and Cats: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
Patellar luxation is displacement of the kneecap out of its trochlear groove, common in small breeds such as Toy and Pomeranian dogs and usually from a congenital conformational defect or trauma. It causes a sudden inability to extend the knee and a skipping, hopping gait that may self-correct. Mild cases are managed conservatively; severe ones need surgery.
Hip Dislocation in Dogs and Cats: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
Hip dislocation is separation of the femoral head from the hip socket, usually from trauma such as a car accident, a fall, or a forceful pull on the hind limb. It causes a shortened, rotated leg and a hopping or dragging gait; it is corrected by closed or surgical reduction and strict rest, since it tends to recur.
Tendon Rupture in Dogs and Cats: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
Tendon rupture is a break in the continuity of a tendon, most often a flexor or the Achilles, from sudden overstretching, bone disease, or a cutting wound. It causes a flaccid, painful gap with loss of function - a flexor rupture stops weight-bearing, an Achilles rupture drops the hock. Closed tears are rested; open tears need surgical repair.
Tenosynovitis in Dogs and Cats: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
Tenosynovitis is inflammation of the synovial sheath around a tendon, most often in the carpal and digital flexor sheaths from overuse, friction, or injury. It causes a warm, painful, fluid-filled swelling and lameness that can progress to cellulitis or sepsis if untreated. Treatment mirrors tendonitis, with drainage for acute fluid build-up.
Tendonitis in Dogs and Cats: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
Tendonitis is inflammation of a tendon, either aseptic (from strain or overuse) or suppurative (from infection), causing sudden lameness, heat, swelling, and pain that worsens on stretching. Chronic cases thicken the tendon and may lead to atrophy; treatment controls inflammation, eases pain, and prevents tendon shrinkage.