How does the Indian star tortoise expel uric acid?

Because the Indian star tortoise is a land turtle, it stores water in its kidneys, and metabolism produces uric acid that over time binds with calcium and other organic matter into urate crystals – that is, stones.

‘Expelling acid’ means passing this mixture of urine crystals to keep stones from blocking the cloaca. It is a key part of tortoise health.

Normally the cycle is once every 7-10 days; if it is too long, the tortoise risks stones. Watch the timing.

You can soak it in fairly warm water to prompt expulsion, and if soaking fails, rinse its lower belly with warm water to stimulate passing the stones. Warm soaks also aid hydration.